Analysis of Contemporary Society -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Critically talk about how globalization has reconfigured contemporary Australian culture. 2.Provide an essential meaning of SCOT and afterward basically examine how this idea can be utilized to consider the implications and social understandings gained by a particular ordinary ancient rarity. 3.Using the idea of interconnectedness fundamentally examine why we as people think that its hard to lessen our environmental impression in our every day lives 4.Critically talk about why freak underconformity and degenerate overconformity conduct is as yet acknowledged in contemporary Australian culture. Answers: 1.Globalisation is identified with the exceptionally increment in the progression of correspondence, individuals, data and capital between various countries. The idea of globalization is chiefly identified with the world which is related and interconnected. The procedure which is identified with the expansion in the interconnection between various social orders can likewise be named as globalization. The expansion in the progression of various items between nations is another significant impact of globalization. Advances in the innovation, deserting of exchange courses via land and the ascent of the worldwide private enterprise are significant changes brought about by globalization (Arvanitakis, 2016). Globalization likewise causes a trade of culture between various nations as the progression of individuals increments. There are numerous preferences that of globalization and the association that is shaped between nations. Cosmopolitanism which alludes to the more extravagant culture and increment in the decent variety of countries is the significant bit of leeway of globalization. The world has become an a lot littler spot as the residents of the various nations are associated with one another. Unhindered commerce is another significant impact that is brought about by globalization in the nations. This figure helps the trading of products between the different nations and the expectations for everyday comforts of the individuals likewise become higher. The procedure of globalization has negative impact on the countries also. The misuse of the creating countries with the assistance of organized commerce is a significant impediment of globalization (Arvanitakis, 2016). The decrease of numerous nations have been caused because of globalization and the ascent that has occurred in the quantity of worldwide associations. The decay of countries can cause the loss of legacy and culture too. The significant changes that have happened on the planet because of social deve lopments caused because of globalization may be, enduring of ladies, class issues, native fairness, hostile to war, gay rights, kid work. Globalization additionally has numerous ecological impacts of the nations which have experienced this procedure. The financial development of Australia has been influenced by the globalization (Arvanitakis, 2016). Australia had opened up its economy to the outside speculation and privatization had occurred for a huge scope. The personal satisfaction in Australia has expanded after globalization has happened in the nation. Globalization has given enormous access to the remote associations and the financial specialists with the goal that they can lead business in the nation in a free way and advancement can likewise be encouraged. The finish of the law of protectionism has helped in making Australia a champ during the time spent globalization (Arvanitakis, 2016). 2.Social Construction of innovation hypothesis or SCOT is an idea that is identified with the contention that human activity isn't controlled by innovation, rather innovation is molded by human activity. The path by which innovation is utilized can't be completely comprehended without attempting to comprehend the innovation which is inserted in the social setting. SCOT is chiefly reaction that is given to mechanical determinism and it is now and then likewise called innovative constructivism. SCOT fundamentally comprises of those individuals who attempt to comprehend the primary reasons identified with dismissal or the acknowledgment of the innovation identified with the social world (Arvanitakis, 2016). The clarification of the achievement identified with an innovation is now and again insufficient and the specialists need to dissect profoundly that what are the measures whereupon the best innovation is being characterized. The specialists need to scrutinize the route by which the i nnovation is characterized. SCOT can just not be said as hypothesis, it is for the most part a strategy. The standards and steps identified with the investigation of the disappointments and achievement of innovation are formalized by SCOT. The hypothesis of SCOT was presented in the year 1984 by Pinch and Bijker. The issues and their applicable arrangements are portrayed with the assistance of various developments that are built by partners (Arvanitakis, 2016). SCOT basically sees the ascent and advancement of innovation as a procedure which is intuitive in nature. SCOT can likewise be characterized as the most intelligent sociotechnical process that helps in the molding of the considerable number of types of innovation. The humanism identified with the innovation and science are treated in an alternate way if there should arise an occurrence of SCOT. The point of view of information to be held as a social development is principally identified with the progression of innovation in t he cutting edge world. The advancement and progression of science is identified with the social powers which incorporate, political, monetary and mental impacts too. Case of SCOT Bakelite The case of plastic Bakelite can be utilized to portray the ways by which the social powers can shape innovation. Bakelite began as a fake substitute of varnish in the beginning of its development. The item didn't make progress in the market and afterward the unintentional dumping identified with the various materials demonstrated that it very well may be formed in various manners. The development of this part prompted the utilization of plastic for some different purposes which was not anticipated by the organization to start with. 3.Ecological impression is identified with the proportion of burden that is given by a specific populace on the nature. This predominantly speaks to the zone of land that is fundamental so the present degree of the utilization of asset and the release by the populace can be supported. The interest that is put by people on the environments of the Earth can be characterized as natural impression. The Earth has a specific environmental limit which helps in the recovery and in this manner to continue offering types of assistance and crude materials by reusing air, engrossing waste and cleaning soil. The biological weight that is put by people can be estimated against the characteristic limit of Earth. On the off chance that the general weight of mankind is higher than the sum the Earth can assimilate, at that point the environmental impression of people on the Earth is more noteworthy than 1. The various occupants of the Earth have various degrees of biological impression and on the off chance that the complete natural impression is more noteworthy than 1, at that point it portrays that the environmental weight is being overshot (Arvanitakis, 2016). Interconnectedness is identified with the procedure by which the pieces of a specific framework are associated with one another. The progressions that happen in some piece of the framework can contrarily influence different parts. This procedure remains constant for both the nature and people also. The people are associated from various perspectives to the indigenous habitat and the Earth all in all. The various pieces of nature are similarly associated with one another. The idea of interconnection applies for the corruption of the earth or any sort of cataclysmic events too. Interconnectedness additionally incorporates the idea of association. The route by which the various pieces of a framework are emphatically joined is identified with the idea of association. People are reliant on the different species that are available in the nature and they get their food from the creatures and plants. It very well may be said that all the pieces of the nature are associated and subject to one another. The debasement happening in certain parts will have huge impact on the various parts as the whole environment is influenced. The most troublesome errand for the human species is to conform to the nature and attempting to control their environmental impressions. For instance, the over utilization of land by people has prompted the chopping down of trees and this has brought about soil disintegration and numerous different issues (Arvanitakis, 2016). 4.Sports is considered as a social developed movement which is primarily expected to implement many number of regularizing characteristics. The key terms identified with game can be aberrance, under congruity, over similarity, sexuality and homophobia. Abnormality is identified with sports in such a manner along these lines, that it is seen as a route by which freak conduct can be diminished. The idolisation of a portion of the athletes is likewise identified with this factor. Under congruity in sports is identified with the dismissal of the different normal practices that are identified with the specific game. The various exercises incorporate, utilization of medications, which comprises of both unlawful and legitimate use, model Lance Armstrong. Unsanctioned brutality is another central point identified with under congruity in sports, model, Australian Swimming Team London Olympics. The maltreatment and rape related any sort of game, model, Rugby League Players. Over similarity or over acknowledgment is another conduct identified with sports. The game is above everything else, for instance outrageous adherence (Arvanitakis, 2016). The qualification offered through game is another factor of over congruity. Injury and agony is a piece of the game and tolerating the accepted practices with no inquiry. Sexual orientation is another main consideration that influences sports in all manner. The variables identified with sex issue that influence sports are, sexuality, homophobic, social development of which sex plays which sport and domineering manliness. Freak over similarity is identified with the defenselessness of the competitors to the requests that are made by his gathering which is joined with the craving identified with the reaffirmation or addition of the gathering enrollment which is a central point for this situation. Degenerate under similarity is identified with the moves that are made

Radiation Effects of Hiroshima an Example of the Topic All Posts by

Radiation Effects of Hiroshima Radiation ailment is something like a fiend who stays with unwavering assurance for your entire life (Selden The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki) On August 6, 1945 one of the most horrible barbarities in present day history occurred in the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Nuclear bomb was totally on track and detonated in Hiroshima, with a power identical to twenty thousand tons of TNT, eighteen hundred feet noticeable all around close to the focal point of a level city manufactured for the most part of wood. It made a zone of all out pulverization (counting private, business, modern, and military structures) broadening 3,000 meters (around two miles) every which way; and devastated sixty thousand of ninety thousand structures inside 5,000 meters (more than three miles), a territory generally including as far as possible. Streak consumes from the beat created by the arrival of a gigantic measure of brilliant vitality happened at separations of in excess of 4,000 meters (over two miles), contingent on the sort and measure of apparel worn and the protecting managed by prompt environmental factors. Wounds from the impact, and from fra gmented glass and falling flotsam and jetsam, happened all through the city and past. Need paper test on Radiation Effects of Hiroshima subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue Students Often Tell EssayLab support: I'm not in the disposition to compose my paper. Since I don't have the opportunity Exposition author experts exhort: Contact Us To Get Your Essay Composing Services Professional Writing Services Essay Writer Service Best Essay Writing Service The quantity of passings, quickly and over some undefined time frame, will likely never be completely known. Differently assessed from 63,000 to at least 240,000, the official figure is normally given as 78,000, however the city of Hiroshima gauges 200,000 - the all out incorporating somewhere in the range of 25 and 50 percent of the citys then daytime populace (additionally a contested figure, changing from 227,000 to more than 400,000). Freely acknowledged assessments of the populace at the hour of the besieging are 280,000 to 290,000 regular folks and 40,000 military staff. That morning numerous laborers from neighboring towns and towns were gathered in Hiroshima so as to clear garbage from structures that had been decimated to make fire paths in the city. Individuals who accumulated for physical work at destruction destinations included youthful young people. Tutoring had been hindered by the war, and understudies were assembled every day to make fire paths or to work at industrial facilities. Primary school understudies who were third graders or more had been cleared to the wide open so as to keep away from conceivable air assaults. A few kids were sent in a gathering to more secure regions, and others went to remain with family members in the open country. More youthful youngsters stayed in the city with their folks. Survivors of the bombarding incorporated a wide range of individuals: guardians, little kids, more established kids, older individuals, and workers from different zones, just as military faculty. In 1976, the city of Hiroshima answered to the United Nations that the quantity of the casualties who had passed on from radiation impacts before the finish of December 1945 was somewhere in the range of 130,000 and 150,000 (Yo neyama, 1999). The colossal dissimilarity is identified with the extraordinary disarray which at that point existed, to varying strategies for count, and to basic enthusiastic impacts, very separated from numerical contemplations, which have on occasion influenced the estimators. An exact gauge may never be conceivable, yet what can be said is that all of Hiroshima promptly got associated with the nuclear catastrophe 2,000 meters (1.2 miles) is commonly viewed as a critical sweep for helplessness to radiation impacts, and for high mortality as a rule - from impact, beat, or radiation- - however many were murdered outside of this span. Inside it, at directs close toward the hypocenter, heat was outrageous to the point that metal and stone liquefied, and individuals were actually burned. The region was wrapped by flames fanned by a brutal firewind; these broke out very quickly inside a sweep of in excess of 3,000 meters (up to two miles). The immersion with death of the region nearest to the hypocenter was to such an extent that if a man made due inside a thousand meters (.6 miles) and was out of entryways (that is, without advantage of protecting from warmth or radiation), in excess of nine tenths of the individuals around him were fatalities; on the off chance that he was unshielded at 2,000 meters, more than eight of ten individuals around him were executed. Mortality inside was lower, yet that being said to have a 50-percent possibility of getting away from both passing or injury, one must be around twenty 200 meters (1.3 miles) from the hypocenter. Inside thirty minutes after the blast, it began coming down. This was not an ordinary downpour but rather a dark downpour containing radioactive residue and remains. The dark downpour crushed the city further by spreading radiation a long ways past the zones the blast itself had harmed. It is said that the downpour came to more than 25 kilometers (15.5 miles) from ground zero (Yoneyama, 1999). Radiation discharged by the besieging made lethal wounds numerous individuals in the city. Both the dirt and all articles in the territory became radioactive and numerous individuals who didn't die promptly kicked the bucket soon a short time later from lingering radiation. Not just individuals who were in the city at the hour of the besieging yet in addition the individuals who entered it to look for their friends and family were lethally presented to this lingering radiation. There were, be that as it may, individuals who endure the enormous fire, the dark downpour, and the lingering radiatio n. These individuals were truly hurt both truly and mentally. The enormous arrival of atomic radiation incorporates gamma beams and neutrons, which harm living tissues. A great part of the radiation is discharged in the principal minute. There are longer-term vitality discharges too, including aftermath, which can convey radioactive particles far and wide, as researchers were to see most plainly later in the Marshall Islands tests. Studies that were directed among Hiroshima survivors report a few discoveries on prompt and ceaseless results of introduction to radiation. For example, Yamazaki and Fleming (1995) talked with ladies, who have been hardly a large portion of a mile from the hypocenter of the blast. Some of them had been tossed through the air by the impact and left oblivious. Yamazaki and Fleming (1995) show that every one of them had endured radiation disease in some structure - languor, ridiculous the runs, loss of hair, skin draining, ulcerations of the mouth, injuries on the face, side effects that proceeded for the length of their pregnancies for a few, longer for other people. Selden and Selden (1989) attest that more individuals kicked the bucket from the consumes and radiation impacts than from outside wounds. They show that the individuals who were in the open and straightforwardly presented to the burst brought about consumes over the whole body and kicked the bucket on the spot. Selden and Selden composes: A unintelligible stun like state, with checked surrender, in some cases went before different side effects, which advanced to ahead of schedule and serious side effects of radiation impacts and demise (1989:71). Aside from organic results, bombarding and radiation significantly affected survivors emotional wellness. Studies demonstrate that numerous people and patients seemed confused for a few hours, incapable to review where they were at the hour of the bombarding (). It is difficult to tell whether this was an enthusiastic reaction to the horrendous occasions they had seen or some mind injury. At the time pros were uninformed that the mind could be harmed by radiation. These indications of poisonous radiation impacts stimulated in the psyches of the individuals of Hiroshima an uncommon dread, a picture of a weapon which not just in a flash kills and wrecks for a monster scope yet in addition deserts in the collections of those presented to it fatal impacts which may rise whenever and strike down their casualties. As indicated by Hein and Selden (1997), this picture was made especially clear by the deferred appearance of these side effects and fatalities - two to about a month later - in i ndividuals who awful recently appeared to be in immaculate wellbeing and remotely immaculate. The logical discoveries don't repudiate some close to home material remembered for books and sonnets written in the post-bomb period in Japan. Numerous who endured the annihilation of the bombs stay persuaded that lingering radiation, both in the region of the hypocenter and in increasingly far off regions influenced distinctly by aftermath, had genuine organic ramifications for the survivors. References James N. Yamazaki, Louis B. Fleming (1995). Offspring of the Atomic Bomb: An American Physicians Memoir of Nagasaki, Hiroshima, and the Marshall Islands, Duke University Press Imprint Selden, Kyoko Selden (1989). The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, M. E. Sharpe Laura Hein, Mark Selden (1997). Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age, M.E. Sharpe Selden K. Selden L. (1989). The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, M.E. Sharpe Yoneyama L. (1999). Hiroshima Traces: Time, Space, and the Dialectics of Memory, University of California Press

Peek Over Our Shoulder And See What We Are Reading Today

Peek Over Our Shoulder And See What We Are Reading Today In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? I’ve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what they’ve written for the site). Gird your loins â€" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Jessica Yang An Ember in the Ashes by Sabaa Tahir: Everyone Ive run into has raved about this book, and I figured it was about time to finally sit down and join the club now that the sequels out. (hardcover) Molly Wetta Commonwealth by Ann Patchett: Currently listening to this to review for Booklist. Normally this kind of book is so ubiquitous it seems like white noise to me, and I wouldn’t be drawn to it, but then I read the synopsis when it landed on my door, and was actually intrigued, so I’m excited to see where it goes. (audiobook) Kate Scott   The Wangs vs. the World by Jade Chang: I first discovered this book on another blog and knew I had to read it. I love funny road trip novels. (ARC) The Immune System Recovery Plan by Susan Blum, M.D.: An interesting book on getting to the root of autoimmune disease. I have a couple of family members with autoimmune diseases and I find this topic interesting. (Library Hardcover) The Dollhouse by Fiona Davis: I spotted this on the Volumes app and went into it without even reading the blurb. From the first chapter I assumed it would be light chick lit, but it got intense pretty fast, so apparently I miscategorized it. (Audiobook) Kareem Shaheen   Girls of Riyadh by Rajaa Alsanea: Fascinating book that has often been described as Sex and the City set in Saudi Arabia. It follows the stories of four women navigating the conservative social and religious mores of the kingdom in their search for love and status and desire. (Paperback) Amanda Kay Oaks 13 Ways of Looking at a Fat Girl by Mona Awad: I don’t actually remember where I first heard about this book, but I saw it was available on Hoopla and knew I needed to read it.(Audiobook). Shadow of Night by Deborah Harkness: A good friend recommended the All Souls Trilogy to me ages ago and I finally got around to it. (Ebook) Power and Identity in the Creative Writing Classroom by Anna Leahy: This one is for my pedagogy course in grad school. (Ebook). Karina Glaser The Last Days of Ptolemy Grey by Walter Mosley: Reading this in preparation for meeting Walter Mosley at Book Riot Live! (Paperback) March, Book 1 by John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and Nate Powell: Saw this on the long list for the National Book Award for Young People’s Literature and knew I needed to read this graphic novel series. (Library Paperback) Chains by Laurie Halse Anderson: I have been meaning to read this older middle grade trilogy about the Revolutionary War and finally picked this up at the library. (Library Hardcover) Eric Smith Vengeance Road by Erin Bowman: Had a long bus ride to an event last week, and decided I needed some audiobooks in my life. First up, this delightful western from Erin Bowman. It’s very much a True Grit-esque novel, with a character traversing a dark, violent landscape in search of justice. (Audiobook) The Secret of a Heart Note by Stacey Lee: With a bit of magic and a lot of romance, Lee’s latest focuses on a girl that can use her sense of smell to help bring people together. People love her for her gift… but if she uses it for herself, she’ll lose her ability. It’s gorgeous so far, which is no surprise. Lee is incredible. (ARC) Julia Pistell The Witches by Stacey Schiff. I found a $5 version copy in the Niantic Book Barn (a national treasure) and was delighted that I didn’t have to wait for an affordable paperback. Read about 50 good pages before looking up Schiff, and then got sidetracked to…. Cleopatra by Stacey Schiff. Holy moly, is this book mesmerizing. I “just read one paragraph” and now I’m 150 pages through this bad boy. Now I’m in a Russian nesting doll of biographies! Troy Wiggins   Everfair by Nisi Shawl. I really, really feel like this book should be inducted into whatever SF/F canon we have. Just kick out some old dead white dude’s work and replace it with this book. For real. Shawl has done a fantastic job of creating a truly engaging reimagining of an atrocious period in our history. The way she weaves between point of view characters, her use of simultaneously fresh and classical writing, and the complete and total regard of history and global politics in this reimagining makes this book a must read. Like, seriously. Everyone who claims to be a fan of fantasy, alternate history, or steampunk should read this book. E.H. Kern Shadow Ops: Breach Zone by Myke Cole. Breach Zone is the third and final part of Cole’s Shadow Ops series and so far this is my favorite out of the three. I am now at a point in the book where I want to keep reading because it’s so good, at the same time as I don’t want to read too fast because then the book will end. Deepali Agarwal Commonwealth by Ann Patchett. This is my first Ann Patchett novel, and I picked it up because of some of my fellow Rioters’ recommendations. I’d read the synopsis and had not found it intriguing, but decided to dive in regardless and it’s been quite an unexpected ride at 20% in! There’s some very wry humour, which I wasn’t expecting, which is just hitting the right spot for me.There’s also some long-winded narration and stories, which I would never have thought was my thing, but turns out I love it. I’m not sure I’ve ever experienced anything similar to her writing before, and can’t wait for more. (Digital review copy) Steph Auteri Scratch by Manjula Martin: I was such a fan of Scratch, the online magazine about the intersection of writing and money (RIP Scratch), that when I heard about Martin’s forthcoming book, I nearly peed myself from excitement. (Paperback ARC) Tasha Brandstatter Noblesse Oblige by Cynthia Smith: A book I enjoyed in high school that I found on my mom’s shelves. (paperback) Megan Cavitt Neuromancer by William Gibson: I have an abiding love of cyberpunk movies but haven’t read many cyberpunk books. Why not start with the godfather of the genre? There’s weird retro sci-fi sexism going on here, but the live-wire dialogue jolts a fascinating universe to life. (paperback) Rebecca Joines Schinsky Darling Days by iO Tillett Wright: This coming-of-age memoir about a hard-scrabble family life and gender identity questions in 1980s New York was all over Book Expo America, and I’ve been looking forward to reading it ever since a galley jumped into my tote bag. (ARC) You Can’t Touch My Hair by Phoebe Robinson: We’re in the final countdown to Book Riot Live (what?!), and I’m loving this collection of hilarious, smart, feminist-as-fuck essays. (ARC) Charles Paul Hoffman   American Gods by Neil Gaiman: I’m rereading this for the first time since 2002 to prep for the upcoming TV series. (eBook) New Gods by Jack Kirby and Vince Colletta: A hugely-influential comic series from the early 1970s that I’ve somehow never read (in part because it’s been OOP). (Comixology) A Distant Soil, Vol 2: The Ascendant by Colleen Doran: I loved the first volume of Doran’s space fantasy and have been itching for more. (Paperback) Rebecca Hussey The World in Flames: A Black Boyhood in a White Supremacist Doomsday Cult by Jerald Walker: With a title like that one, who could resist? So far, it’s fascinating. (ebook) Pond by Claire-Louise Bennett: Ten pages in, I’m intrigued by this book about consciousness. I love to read a book now and then where nothing happens. (Library hardcover) Teresa Preston Necessity by Jo Walton. This is the third book in Walton’s Thessaly trilogy, which is all about a group of people from different places and times who are brought together to start a society built on the ideas in Plato’s Republic. I loved the first two and have been excited to read the final installment. My library didn’t get a copy when it was first published, but they ordered it after I requested it, so now I finally get to read it! (library hardcover) Ashley Bowen-Murphy Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption by Bryan Stevenson: I put this on my library hold list as soon as I realized that a ton of colleges selected it as their common reading for the class of 2020. I requested it in mid-August and only just now got it, so I’m excited to see what it’s all about. Amanda Diehl Hell On Wheels by Rhyll Biest: An arranged marriage between a princess of Hell and a bastard warrior out for revenge against the princess’ warmongering brother! Plus, there are promises of a demon roller derby bout. Hell yeah! (digital ARC) Amy Diegelman The Girl of Fire and Thorns by Rae Carson: Continuing an epic fantasy binge! (Library Hardcover) Danika Ellis Of Fire and Stars by Audrey Coulthurst: A lesbian princesses YA fantasy book?? How could I resist? I’ve only just started this one, but I love the fairy tale style writing so far. (digital ARC) Johann Thorsson   Smarter, Faster, Better by Charles Duhigg. Started walking to work and needed something to listen to. I really liked Duhigg’s previuos book, The Power of Habit, and decided to give this a try. Excellent so far. (Audible) Shoggoths in Bloom by Elizabeth Bear. Liz Bear is a true talent and this might just be one of the finest collections of sci-fi/fantasy short stories out there. (Paperback) Tara Cheesman   Chronicle of the Murdered House by Lucio Cardoso: It’s been a bit slow going, but I’m engrossed by this story of a Brazilian aristocratic family in decline and the beautiful young woman who marries into it. The plot is filled with scandals, secrets and skeletons all on a gorgeously crumbling estate. Common Ground in a Liquid City: Essays In Defense of an Urban Future by Matt Hern: Urbanism and the urban lifestyle appears to be having an extended moment. The benefits of living in cities, social and environmental, have always appealed to me. Hern uses his home city of Vancouver as a test subject, comparing it to other cities around the world, opening up all kinds of ideas and discussions. I’m really enjoying it, partly based on his obvious enthusiasm for the topic. Jamie Canaves Incensed by Ed Lin: A crime novel set in Taiwanâ€"gimme, please! (egalley) The Last Days of Jack Sparks by Jason Arnopp: I wanted this from the cover/title, then found out it was a book within a book and HAD to have it. (ARC) Trainwreck: The Women We Love to Hate, Mock, and Fear and Why by Sady Doyle: I am here for any book that discusses the treatment of women. (audiobook) Paper Girls #9 by Brian K. Vaughan, Cliff Chiang, Matt Wilson: I love this series and am trapped in the want to read it all right now but don’t want to catch up and have to wait. (single issue) Priya Sridhar The Dragon Princess by E.D. Baker: Baker is a fantastic, humorous fantasy author who understands how to be tongue in cheek. Liberty Hardy Swing Time by Zadie Smith (Penguin Press, Nov. 15): My first Zadie Smith! (No, I don’t know how that happened, either.) (galley) Norse Mythology by Neil Gaiman (W.W. Norton, Feb. 17, 2017): MWUAHAHAHAHAHAHAH!!!!!! (galley) 4 3 2 1 by Paul Auster (Henry Holt, Jan. 31, 2017): So excited for a new Auster, especially when it’s almost 900 pages of new Auster! (galley) A Change of Heart by Sonali Dev: This was pitched to me as “a love story, plus black market organ harvesting.” Of course I had to read it. (galley) Lucas Maxwell The Next Together by Lauren James: Katherine Matthew are constantly being born again, destined to try and save the world and be together at the same time. A sleek YA novel about time travel, love, the end of the world and all the stuff that is in between. Derek Attig   The Summer Before the War by Helen Simonson: I was in the mood for a bit of charming, thoughtful, and English historical fiction. This little gem about the lead up to World War One, from the author of Major Pettigrew’s Last Stand, is definitely fitting the bill. (ebook) Angel Cruz The Birth of Korean Cool by Euny Hong: I’m on a bit of a nonfiction kick, and this book on Korean pop culture and world influence is exactly my kind of book. (Paperback) The Magic Words by Cheryl B. Klein: Nonfiction again, this time about writing/editing children’s and YA books. Klein is one of my very favourite editors, and I really enjoyed her previous book Second Sight. (Paperback) Run by Kody Keplinger: I was given a copy of this YA novel a few weeks ago, and after the way this week has played out, I think it’s about time I get to reading it. (Hardcover) Jessica Pryde   When the Moon Was Ours by Anna-Marie McLemore: I have been hearing a lot about this book lately, and I was in the mood for some gorgeous writing and magical realism. (eARC) Behrouz Gets Lucky by Avery Cassell: this was a random buy at my local indie feminist queer solar-powered bookstore, and came out of my unfulfilled #diverseathon stack. But come on, a sixty-year-old genderqueer half-Persian super-sex-positive narrator? Yes please! (Paperback) The Secret Sky by Atia Abawi: that cover! I am looking forward to reading a love story couched in cultures with which I am unfamiliar. (And I am happy I found a novel that takes place in the Middle East that has a HEA. I think.) (Hardcover) Maddie Rodriguez   Charlotte Brontë: A Fiery Heart by Claire Harman: Fall is Brontë season; I will brook no arguments. The misty moors, the gales, and the bittersweetness of the season are all a perfect fit. This one has been on my TBR for a while now (hey there Read Harder biography requirement!) and it feels just autumnal enough outside to lose myself in the life of Charlotte Brontë (ebook) Monstress by Marjorie Liu and Sana Takeda: I have been longing for this one for ages, but held back until it was out in trade and I can wait no longer. The combination of the monstrous feminine, multi-tailed cats and utterly breathtaking artwork mean this was basically a forgone conclusion for me. (trade)

The recent advances in Science and Technology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5304 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Science Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Recent advances in science and technology have delivered sophisticated techniques for almost all the fields for solving versatile problems of human being. One of them is the genetic modification (GM) technology, it is the process of changing genetic constitution of an organism with the help of biotechnology, the organisms produced with the help of GM technology are known as GM organism, and the foods originated from these organism are known as genetically modified food (GMF) (WHO, 2009). The fundamental reason for the application of this technology to food sector is to make desirable changes in the various food attributes as increase in test, flavor, increase in yield, and nutritional value. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The recent advances in Science and Technology" essay for you Create order Currently, opinions around the world for GM foods are very skeptical (Pinstrup and Schioler, 2001). Scientists, research institutes, NGOs, agribusiness companies and food regulatory authorities have unlike impressions about GM food. The Food and Drug Administration observed no difference between GMF and conventional food (FDA, 1992). Agribusiness companies like Monsanto and Syngenta have pro-GMF argument that GM food will help to reduce the world hunger by producing ample food for the developing nations (Council for Biotechnology Information, 2001). Moreover, some researcher argues that cultivation of GM crops around the globe will reduce the pesticide application level and raise the level of environment quality (Johnson, 2002; Qaim, 2003). On the contrary, NGOs like Greenpeace argues that consumption of GM food may cause allergic reactions in human, environmental concerns, and they are suspicious about the market power of the stakeholders involved in GM technology, may be they will behave like monopolist in future (Greenpeace, 2001). Concern to the consumers, despite the expressed benefits of GM food, consumers especialy from Europian nations and Japan have expresed negative attitude towards GM food (Becker, 1999; Burtton et al., 2001; Lusk, 2005; Hall et al., 2006; Dannenberg, 2009). Consumers in developing world and US, have evaluated GM foods as similar or better than conventionally grown foods (De Steur et al, 2010; Kimenju and De Groote 2008; Ganiere et al., 2006; Nelson, 2001; Anand et al, 2007). In the global market, consumers are the final determinants of the success or failure of scientific inventions (Springer et al., 2002). Hence, an understanding of the consumer attitude towards specific scientific invention is very important to understand the future of that invention. The widely accepted theory of formation of consumer attitudes is the Fishbein Multi-attribute model (Fishbein, 1963), which suggests that consumer knowledge about a product and its v arious attributes defines consumer attitude towards the product. While consumer knowledge level depends on the various types of information, they perceive. The sources of information about GM foods are mass media, friends, scientists, and product labels. In the developed nations like US, UK, Greek, Germany, only about fifty percent of the consumers have shown awareness about GM food (Hallman et al., 2003; Batrinou et al., 2005; Moon and Balasubramanian, 2001; Dannenberg et al., 2008). While consumers knowledge level in the developing countries like China, Brazil, and India, is lower than the developing world (Curtis et al. 2004; Guivant, 2006; Anand et al. 2007). Overall, these findings suggest that consumers around the world have reported low level of knowledge about GM technology and GMFs. In the uncertain environment that most of the consumers have insufficient knowledge about GM technology, we cannot deny that the types of information received from various sources are likely to influence consumer attitude formation about GM foods and eventually willingness to pay for GMFs. In the todays competitive market, it is rational that various firms, organization and stakeholders ever passes around biased or asymmetric information about GM foods, to promote their personal interest, i.e. pro-GM food institutes will always disclose positive information about GM food and vice-versa. Therefore, this study examines the effects of different information formats on consumer willingness to pay for GM food. We have used four different information formats about GM foods: positive information, negative information, both positive and negative together, and no information. This is the first study in India, which have analyzed the effect of four types of information formats on consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for GMFs in uncertain environment. The products chosen for the analysis of effects of information formats on consumer WTP, were processed food products, the reason behind th is selection was that plenty of proceeds food products are likely or available in India, which might contain GM ingredients. Therefore, this study will be helpful for the designing of market policy concern to the processed food products, which contains GMFs traces. Food products containing GM ingredients The first GMF available for the consumers in market was GM tomato in US around 1994, though this was disappeared after very short span form the market(GMO Compass, 2010), it has started the new food domain. Since then scientists have applied GM technology for the production of most of the food items as fruits, vegetables, cereals, and animals as well, currently only few of them are cultivated on large scale, and more are a doorstep away for the commercial release (James, 2008; IRRI, 2009; IGMORIS, 2009; GMO Compass, 2010). So far, the cultivation of GM crops is limited to only 25 out of 195 nations, and soybean crop represents the highest area under cultivation (James, 2008). Though GM crops cultivation is limited to few nations only, an increasing international food trade due to the globalization will be the reason for the availability of GM foods in the non-GM growing nations. Some of the GM foods are consumed in the natural form as vegetables, fruits and cereals, while in some c ases they are processed for various regions as value addition, take few examples as maize (corn), whose one of the processed form is popcorns, fruits are processed in to the juice, jam and jelly, moreover, there are some food products as chocolate and nutrient bar, whose constitute includes different types of cereals, pulses, grains, fruits and many more. Currently an increasing supermarket culture increases the availability of processed and fast food for the consumers in developing countries, while in the developed world most of the available food in the supermarkets are in the processed form (Asfaw, A. 2009; Neven et al., 2006; MacInnis and Rausser 2005; USDA, 1995). Hence, in the supermarket processed GM food products are likely to available in the developing countries. The GM nature of food product is hardly possible to understand with only visible evaluation or even after the consumption of food; Derby and Karni (1993) describe this type of attributes of foods as credence attri bute. Therefore, due to this nature of GM foods, a label is the only possible source for the consumer to learn about this attribute of food. Currently available or in use GM food labeling policies are mandatory, voluntary and no labeling policy, which varies nation to nation and moreover in each type the protocols are very different (Gruere and Rao, 2007), further due to this great variation so far there is no universally acceptable labeling policy for GM foods. In India, recently the government has proposed mandatory labeling policy for all GM food products (Gruere and Rao, 2007), but the implementation is not yet done which is facing a delay, and the implementation is unlikely to be seen in recent future. Currently India imports plenty of food products from US as meat products, edible oils, grains, pulses (USDA-FAS, 2010). While, in the US GM crops are cultivated at very high level as compared to other nations (James, 2008). Hence, we cannot deny the presence of GM traces in th e processed food products in Indian market, which comes from US and GM crop growing nations. For the confirmation about the availability of processed food products in Indian market, which were imported from US, Prior to the final survey, we have visited supermarkets in Delhi and Bangalore. We found numbers of food products were imported from US, as potato Chips from Pringles. Some biscuits, nutrient bars contains soybean. Literature review: Effects of information formats on consumer WTP for GM foods The welfare of biotechnology in food production will understood only after the vast empirical and long-term research about the various concerns of GM foods. Still GM food has to go through plenty of food safety tests, which could take decades from now. However, stakeholders in the production of GM foods have to define the marketing policy as early as possible. Before designing marketing policy for GM foods for particular nation, policy makers have to consider the available body of literature about GM foods. Currently substantial level of research work is available on consumer acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) for GM food products around the World. Recently Lusk et al. (2005); Hall et al., 2006; and Dannenberg 2009, conducted meta-analysis of the available studies on valuation and acceptance of GM food; they reported a great degree of variation in consumer acceptance and valuation for GM food around the world. We think one of the possible reasons behind the variation in consum er WTP for GM foods is that the consumer around the world confronts different types of information about GM foods, which builds consumers knowledge about GM foods. However, some researcher argues that understanding of any subject or the knowledge level of the particular subject does not translate in to the consumer acceptance level despite this it helps for the consumers to make decision (Frewer et al., 1999; Evans and Durant 1995). Therefore, in this section we will discuss the past studies about the influence of various information formats on consumer WTP for GMFs. Since many studies have evidenced that consumers knowledge is an important factor, which determines consumers acceptance or willingness to pay for food products (Colson and Huffman 2009; Anand et al., 2007; Gonzaacute;lez et al., 2009). Moreover, Lusk et al. (2004a) found that those consumers have good knowledge about GMFs, their willingness to accept or pay does not affect significantly by the various kinds of infor mation consumers receive about GM foods. Nevertheless, the problem with developing countries like India is that consumers have very poor knowledge about biotechnology as well as GM foods (Krishan and Qaim, 2008; Anand et al., 2007). Hence, we believe that in developing countries like India the type of information formats consumers perceive about GMFs will influence consumers WTP for GMFs. Concern to GM foods, to our knowledge, Frewer et al. (1999) were the first to start research about the information aspect of GM foods, they found that the information source characteristics as trustworthiness of source is an important factor influencing consumers reaction to the type of information. Fox et al. (2002), conducted a study in US, in this study they used three information treatments: positive information about irradiation of pork, second negative information about irradiation of pork, third both positive and negative information together. They used Vickrey second price auction mec hanism for estimation of consumer WTP. They found that positive information increased consumer WTP for irradiated pork, negative information decreased WTP, while with combined information, the influence of negative information dominated the influence of positive information and eventually the WTP decreased. Further they suggests that negative arguments raised about the modern technologies as irradiation of foods, use of GM technology strongly influences consumers perception and eventually the welfare of new technology, despite the presence of positive information. Tegene et al., 2003; Huffman et al., 2006; and Rousa et al. (2007) conducted nth price experimetal auctions in 2001 in US. They have analysized the influnce of different informaion formats on consumer WTP for GM and non-GM labeled three food products: vgetable oil, potato, and tortila chips. They uses 6 informaiton formats about GM foods: positive, negative, both positive and negative togather, positive plus third party verifiable information (views of scientist, professionals and religious leaders), negative plus third party verifiable information, positive and negative plus third party verifiable information. They found that when consumers were recived positve information about GM foods they bid higher for two out of three GM labeld foods than plane labeld, for negative information consumer purchased GM labeld foods at 34-38% discount, for both negative and positve information consumer bid more for plane labeld foods. when negative and third party verifiable informaiton was given consumers purchsed GM foods at 17-22% discount. When consumers were endowed with positive information they bid more for GM foods than plane labeld foods, when consumers were endowed with positve and third pary verifiable informaton they bid more for plane labeled foods than GM foods. when consumers were endowed with all imnformaiton togather they bid more for two plane labeld foods than GM foods. for the all sample toga ther they found that consumers were WTP pay around 14% price premium for plane labeld foods than GM foods. finallly they argues that verifiable third party information have a strong influnce on consumers WTP for GM foods, which is likely to help acceptance of GM foods. and also they argue that consumers with prior knowledge about GM foods demands more discount to buy GM foods than those with weak GM knowledge. About the benefit of GM foods Lusk et al. (2004a) conducted a study for US, England and France sample. They employed a fifth price auction machansim for estimation of WTP for GM cookies. Four information treatments were employed; envirnomental benefit, health benefit, world benefit and no informaiton. They found that all these beneficial information formats increases consumer WTP for GM foods, but the degree of influnce varies according to the ifnformation formats and across the locations, they also found that consumers prior attitude is important, as they found that those consumers have prior negative attitude about GM foods, their attitude after receving of positive information formats was not changed, moreover they also found that the influnce of specific information formats varies across the location, which suggests that uniform information formats generates different responses among the consumers. Li et al.(2004) employed as double bounded contingent valuation method for the estimation of US consumers response to GM beef which have no genetic problems; the beef derived from the cattle which was feed on GM maize, which have farmer and envirnoment benefits. This information was provided to half of the respondents. They found that those consumers were percived this information were WTP more for GM beef. Frther they argue that pro-GM infromation about GM foods may help to increase consumer WTP for GM foods. Martinez-poveda et al. (2005; 2009) conducted a study for Spain consumers about consumers willingness to accept GM foods. in this study the y found that around 60% of the consumers look for the information on food products. further they found that most of the consumers prior attitude does not change by positive and negative information togather, for very few consumers it changes but only in negative direction, which suggests that consumers put more weight on ngeative than positve information when consumers recive them togather. Moreovere thay also found that healt benefit information have higher positive influnce on acceptance of GM foods than envirnomental benefits. Li et al. (2002) conducted a study in china for the analysis of Chines consumers WTP for GM rice and soybean oil. They found that most of the consumers have positve opinion about biotechnology and which have positve influnce on WTP for GM foods, consumers positive opinion towards biotechnology was due to the positive media coverage about use of GM technology in agriculture sectore. While in other study in China Hu et al. (2006), analyzed consumer WTP for GM soybean, they used three information formats positive and negative and no information formats derived from the real media coverage, they found that positive information increases WTP, and negative information decreases WTP with a very high degree as compared with the influence of positive information. Scholderer and Frewer (2003) used four information formats: Balanced information, product-specific information, conventional product advertising information and no information as a baseline. They tested whether consumers attitude and product selection changes due to the different types of information consumers received. They used four types of two-food products beer and yoghurt including one type as a GM, the sample used was from Denmark, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. They found that all the information formats failed to alter consumers prior attitude. While, all the information formats influenced consumers GM food product selection negatively; the information formats significantly decreased consumers likelihood to select GM foods. Depositario et.al (2009) conducted uniform-price auctions for golden rice in Philippines for student sample. They used four information formats, positive negative, both together and no information. They found that consumer placed highest bid for positive information followed by no information, negative information and combine information. While the difference between the influence of positive information and no information was not high, hence they suggest that positive information about GM foods does not increase WTP with very high degree. The avilable literature about the effects of different information formats on consumer WTP for GM foods is lacking on developing countries. Concern to India, so far only one study is avialble by Anand et al. (2007); they analysed the effect of four information formats: consumer friendly, producer friendly, negative infromation and no information on consumer WTP for chapatti (in dian bread) made from GM wheat. For estimation of consumer WTP they employed double bounded contingent valuaiton method. They found that consumers with no information were willing to pay about 7% price premium, for consumer friendly information 23% premium and for producer friendly information 10% premium, while for negative information consumer demanded high discount of 139%. endowment effect Further, we are also interested to see how an influence of information formats on consumer WTP for GM foods varies according to the consumers disposable income for buying specific food product. For this, we will endow consumers with different amount for biding during the auction experiment. Use of endowment mechanism raises various questions. So far in several studies researchers have endowed consumers with the food products and then asked their WTP to upgrade the better products (see e.g., Lusk et al., 2004; Lusk et al., (2001b) Fox, 1995; Hayes et al., 1995). The advantage of the endowment mechanism is that it helps to attract participants for experiment and engage consumers during the biding process in experiment (Fox, 1995; Lusk et al., 2001a). While, the critics about the endowment with product is associated with the risk of in-kind endowment effect, which means that consumers value the food product which is belong to them than they want to buy (Thaler 1980), hence endowing fo od product likely to give biased results. The possible biasness is likely to avoid by endowing consumers with some amount of money instead of any food products (Lusk and Schroeder, (2002), Corrigan and Rousu, 2003). Concern to GM foods, Huffman et al. (2004); Rousu et al., (2005); and Bansal et al. (2010), endowed consumers with certain amount of money prior to experiment instead of any substitute as non-GM food products. Moreover, endowment with money likely to face house money effect as described by Thaler and Johnson (1990). According to them consumers are likely to bid high when they receive money for biding in auctions, which will lead to biased results. This biasness will not rise in our experiment because we are going to conduct experimental auctions for both GM and non-GM food products one after another. In our experiment if the house money effect arises, it will arise for both the food products and eventually it will nullify because for final discussion we will compare the difference in WTP between both the products. The literature reports that most of the past studies have employed experimental auctions and contingent valuation method to measure the effects of information on consumer attitude. The information formats used were positive information (positive health, positive environment, produce friendly, consumer friendly), negative information (negative health and negative environment), and third party verifiable information about GM foods. Though there is a huge difference in the findings of the past studies, there are some common findings. When consumer receives negative information, they demanded certain amount of discount to choose GM foods. For positive information, consumers were willing to pay a premium. The health information has higher influence than the environmental. Overall, negative information have influence with high magnitude as compared with all other information formats. In developing countries like India and China consumers wer e willing to pay premium for GM foods when no information and positive information was provided but when negative information was provided, consumer demanded very high discount to consume GM food. The huge success of GM cotton in India: around 8.5 million hectares area is under Bt cotton cultivation (Clive, 2009), from this we can not deny the availability of GM foods in Indian market in coming years. In a recent study (Anand et al. 2007) for Indian consumers, they have analyzed the effects of various information formats on consumers WTP for GM chapatti. In this study, they have analyzed the influence of positive and negative information, while combine (positive and negative) information format was not included. Therefore, we extend this study with inclusion of combine information format. Consumers needs few rounds of auctions to understand the concept †¦so we have conducted 1 pre experiment round†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Shogren et al., 1994 Hayes et al. 1995). For endowment effect see Kahneman et al., 1990†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Lusk et al., 2004 While writing about training prior to the exper REF†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ methodology para 2 †¦ Noussair, C., S. Robin, and B. Rufiiew Methodology Valuation methods: The most difficult and important task while analysis of consumer valuation of the nonmarket good is the selection of an appropriate valuation mechanism. The available methods for the estimation of consumer WTP for any object or product are experimental auctions (EA), contingent valuation (CV), conjoint analysis (CA), hedonic price, and recently emerged real purchase experiments. To our knowledge most of these methods are commonly used in the past studies for the valuation of novel food products and food attributes except hedonic price; for detail description of these methods (see e.g., Lusk and Hudson, 2004; Lee and Hatcher, 2001; Powell et al., 2003; Glogger, 2009; Knight et al., 2005 and 2007). Every valuation method have its pros and cons. Lee and Hatcher (2001) argue that the CV methods are the most commonly used and cost effective techniques, while Lusk and Hudson (2004), and Fox et al. (1995) argue that experimental auctions are always better than the hypothetical estimation methods because in these methods consumer experiences market identical situation and the exchange of real goods and money took place, moreover, Lusk et al. (2005); Hall et al., 2006; and Dannenberg (2009) in the meta analysis of the GM food valuation studies available then found that consumers overstate WTP in hypothetical methods than non-hypothetical. Though the experimental auction mechanisms are costly, they deliver a precise WTP, hence are getting more popularity (Lee and Hatcher, 2001). While recent argument is that the real purchase experiments, in which consumers are offered novel food products at different selling locations as food stalls on the roadsides and selling counters on a farm, provides accurate WTP for the novel food products than any other methods (Powell et al., 2003; Glogger, 2009; Knight et al. 2005 and 2007). Despite the benefit of real purchase experiment, we were unable to use this method because of the on going discussion about legal and controversial issu es of GM foods in India, which has caused strong protest against GM foods by NGOs and farmers associations (Scoones; Greenpeace, 2008). Therefore, we have selected experimental auction mechanism to estimate consumer WTP for processed GM food products, and for the analysis of how different information formats affect consumer WTP. The available literature concern to the experimental auctions reports use of various mechanisms as: English, nth price, Vickrey auction, ascending-bid second price, first price, fifth price, BDM auctions and combinatorial private-collective auctions, Dutch auction, Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) auction. For the detail description of these methods (see e.g., Lusk et al., 2004; Lusk et al., 2001a; Lusk et al., 2001b; Melton et al.; Rutstrouml;m; Shogren et al., 1994; Makowski and Ostroy, 1990; Vickrey, 1961; Clarke, 1971; Groves, 1973). Moreover, there are some popular mechanisms like eBay proxy auction, Google Ad Auction and online auctions, which are in pri nciple based on the earlier motioned mechanisms. The criteria for the selection of a valuation method should be the incentive compatibility of the valuation mechanism (Lusk and Hudson, 2004). Therefore, according to this criterion the BDM, nth price, English, and Vickrey auctions are non-hypothetical incentive compatible methods (Lusk et al., 2004; Lusk, 2003). Moreover, for the structure, advantages and disadvantages of these methods see: Lusk et al., (2004) and Lusk, (2003). From these four incentive compatible popular auction mechanisms, we have selected Vickrey second price auction. We will discuss this method in detail in next section. The reasons behind the selection of this method were simple to understand for the consumers, demand revealing, and easy for the implementation (Alfnes 2007; Lusk, 2003), moreover, this method provides truthful willingness to pay and is incentive compatible (Vickrey 1961; McAfee and McMillan 1987; Karni and Safra 1989). Further, our main objective was to understand the effect of different information formats on consumer WTP, not an estimation of consumer WTP; hence, the selection of valuation mechanism was not big concern. The past findings report that the estimations are higher in second price auctions than the other methods (Lusk et al., 2004). To avoid this problem we have valued both GM and non-GM foods alternatively. By doing this we expect that if Vickrey second price auction method reports higher WTP, it will report higher WTP for both the food products, hence the difference in WTP between both the products will be truthful and not very high as argued by Lusk et al. (2004). Vickrey second price auction mechanism Most of the economist believes that William Vickrey was the first who invented second price auction (Milgrom, 1989; McAfee and McMillan, 1987), which got the name of Vickrey after his article on this method in 1961, in which he provided a description about the efficiency and applicability of this method (Vickrey, 1961). Recently, Lucking-Reiley (2000) published a article in which he have described about the history of second price auction, where he motioned that the theoretical proof, efficiency and the description provided by Vickery(1961) is of great degree, but the credit as the inventor of this method should not goes to him. He gave a reason that this method has been in use since 1893, Wainwright and Lewis were the first who employed this method for auctions of Stamps in Massachusetts, US (Wainwright and Lewis, 1993). Despite the argument by Lucking-Reiley about the invention, presently this method is in use as Vickrey auction. Currently, various forms of Vickery auctions are i n use as ascending price Vickery auction (Mishra and Parkes, 2007; Cramton, 1998), Vickery auctions with reserve pricing (Ausubel and Cramton, 2004), Ausubel/dynamic Vickery auction (Ausubel, 1997; Kagel and Levin, 2001). Here we will discuss only about Vickery second price auction mechanism. The experimental procedure is quiet simple for Vickrey auction. The research agent calls all the participants in an experimental hall or at any place where the participants feel comfortable and where the carrying out of the experiment is possible without any disturbance. The agent informs the participants about the experimental procedure before the beginning of the real experiment, sometimes conducts dummy trials for other products prior to real experiments. In this method, All the participants are asked to bid simultaneously for the given good and submit their bids in sealed form to the agent, communication between all the participants is not possible while bidding, so that no one will be a ware about the others bid, which will avoid formation of a collusion among the bidders. Then, the agent collects all the sealed bids, organizes them in to a descending order, and declares the winner who offers highest bid. While the highest bidder pay the amount equal to the second highest bid and get the product. The other participants did not get the product and pay nothing. Use of Vickrey auctions in pasts According to literature, as argued by Lucking-Reiley (2000) Wainwright and Lewis were the first to use Vickery auctions for Stamps in US around 1893. While after the Vickreys famous article in 1961, the use was begun generally for financial purposes as evidences show that around 1973-74 this method was used for the sales of the Treasury bonds in US (Rothkopf, 1990). While, around 1988 some companies used it for repurchase of their own stocks from the market (Jacobs, 1988). Moreover, the use in other fields as sales of spectrum licenses in New Zeeland begun around 1990 (McMillan, 1994). Concern to food sector, as per our knowledge the use of second price auction for valuation of food products (as safe meal, irradiated food, beef cuts in vacuum package, candy bars, coffee mugs, wine), food packaging, food quality and for food safety issues started after 1980. For detail, see (Coursey et al., 1987; Menkhaus et al., 1992; Shin et al., 1992; Buhr et al., 1993; Hoffman et al., 1993; Shog ren et al. 1994; Shogren et al., 1994a; Hayes et al., 1995; Melton et al., 1996; Roosen et al., 1998; Lecocq et al., 1999; List and Shogren, 1999). Currently, second price auction mechanism is popularly for the valuation of quality or novel food products, sales of electronic goods, digital goods as e-books, music, sales of spectrum (Alfnes , 2009; Alfnes and Rickertsen, 2003; Umberger and Feuz, 2004; Rozan et al., 2004; Chen and Takeuchi, 2009; Naldi  and DAcquisto, 2008; Shih et al., 2007; Rodriguez et al., 2006; Anandalingam, 2001). Use of GM technology in food sector started around 1990 (WHO, 2010), since then research about consumer acceptance and valuation of GM foods begun, different valuation methods as contingent valuation, choice experiments, online survey, phone interview and experiential auctions were employed (Dannenberg, 2009; Hall et al., 2006; Lusk et al., 2005). As per our knowledge, Hoban and Burkhardt (1991) were the first to conduct a study in 1990 about cons umer acceptance of GM meat products. While, in 1992, Buhr et al. (1993) employed Vickery auction mechanism for first time for the valuation of meat produced with the help of GM growth hormones in US. Since then plenty of studies have employed Vickrey auction mechanisms for valuation of GM foods: GM corn flakes in France (Noussair et al., 2002), GM corn chips in US (Lusk et al.,2001), GM milk in US (Fox et al., 1994), GM Potato chips, tortilla chips, and milk chocolate in US (Bernard et al., 2006) and GM Canola oil in Japan (Kaneko and Chern, 2005). Concern to the effect of information on consumer WTP for GM foods few studies have employed second price auction mechanism.(need to put some refrances) The surprising results were found in Brtian, that different types of information have no influnce on consumer attitude towards GM foods Frewer et al. (1999). Experimental design As we have discussed in last section, we have used Vickrey second price auction mechanism for the analysis of consumer WTP. Our prime object is not to analyze consumer WTP, rather how the different information formats influences consumer WTP. In experimental auctions real buying and sealing of food products is must. The selection of food products was really a big task because currently labeled GM food products are unavailable in India. While plenty of food products are available in Indian market, which comes from USA. Currently USA ranks first in cultivation of GM crops (James, 2009), hence we can not deny the presence of GM ingredients in some processed food products imported form USA, as nutrient or chocolate bar whose ingredients are soybean. Prior to the experiment auction, we visited different supermarkets in Delhi and Bangalore, where we found plenty of processed food products imported from USA. We have selected two food products soya-chocolate bar and potato chips. The reaso n behind the selection of these two food products was that students (our target sample) are regular buyers of these two food products; hence, they are much familiar with these foods. We have purchased these food products from the market and then repacked, and then we labeled them as GM and non-GM soya-chocolate bar and potato chips, we did this to avoid brand biasness. The labels contain only information about GM nature of food. The chocolate bar was 50 gram and potato chips packet was 138 gram. For the details about the sample selection and other issues about the data collection, see chapter 2.3. Since our target sample was university students. We have conducted experimental auctions at two universities in India: Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi and Bangalore University, Bangalore. The auctions locations were as university campus at different locations as university cafeteria, student hostels, and near to different institutes. The numbers of participants in each auction were a round 6 9. For details about the experimental procedure, please see the figure 4.1. As shown in the figure each experimental auction consists of 1-9 steps.

Observation as a Social Work Tool and Skill Essay

This assignment is going to look into observation as a social work tool and skill. Firstly, it is going to briefly describe the observation. Secondly it will analyse the interactions using a reflective approach. And finally, it will look into some relevant social work skills and values that relate to the discussed topic. The observation exercise was carried out on the upper deck of a London Bus on a weekday evening and lasted approximately fifteen minutes. The subjects of the observation were a male in his late twenties that appeared to be of Afro-Caribbean origin and a female of a similar age with an Eastern European accent. The male was wearing a tracksuit and had a set of headphones hanging over his shoulders. The girl was dressed in†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, by being an anonymous observer a degree of spontaneity could be achieved. Moreover Tanner and Turney (2000, p344) argue that â€Å"the absence of active participation can give the practitioner the opportunity to think about and digest what is both seen and felt†. Although I was not actively participating I did feel emotionally engaged during the observation. There were times during the observation in which the girl’s body language did not match what was being said. In one occasion, the male asked her wher e she was going to which she replied: â€Å"I am going to meet a friend at the pub†. From an observer perspective she looked uncomfortable, her body moving away from the male while fiddling with her mobile. At that point the male persistent questioning made me feel uneasy too. I understood the complexity of Schon’s (cited in Briggs 1999, p148-149) idea of reflection in action (â€Å"being able to reflect during practice encounters†) taking into consideration the range of factors, such as thought and emotions, involved in the process of observation. 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Smokey Mountain Nightmare Free Essays

Allysa Broeker Smokey Mountain Nightmare Gazing at the stars outside the sun roof of my husband’s silver sports car seemed to be the only way to control the excitement building inside me. My imagination ran wildly thru visions of scenic mountains draped in clouds of fog. The grey rocky cliffs surrounded by colorful spring flowers almost parallel the beauty of the cool crystal water flowing over a fall like the most rapid of rain spraying a chilly mist on all who behold. We will write a custom essay sample on Smokey Mountain Nightmare or any similar topic only for you Order Now With my head full of fantasy and soul full of adventure, the possibility of this dream come true becoming a life changing nightmare seemed all but impossible. Hey, we are in Tennessee†, my husband said as he lightly shook my shoulder until I acknowledged him with opening my grayish green eyes. â€Å"Good morning beautiful, only a half an hour away from the vacation you have always wanted us to take. † Instantly the widest smile you could ever imagine covered my face. I was so happy to be there rolling up an over these bright green hills into the mountains that harbor the cabin we would soon occupy. â€Å"I love you so much. † â€Å"I cannot even begin to explain how much this means to me Adam†. I said as we past the sign displaying a two mile away conformation that was truly needed do to the navigation becoming obsolete when we began winding thru the one lane roads. â€Å"Beautiful,† I said as we pulled up to the cabin. † †Absolutely beautiful, even more so then I imagined†, said Adam as the slightest drops of rain began to fall from one of the few clouds that floated above. â€Å"I wonder what the weather is forecasted to be this week†. I asked as we walked hand in hand with my romantic husband into the two story cabin and on to making my dream come true. As the hardwood door closed behind us, a simultaneous crash of thunder followed. The sky began to darken as the subtle rains quickly became rapid. â€Å"There was no mention of any thunderstorm warnings†, Adam yelled from the across the room. The furious rains pelting the metal cabin roof seemed to intensify with every second. The lights flickered twice then went out as the purple strobes from the lightning filled every room transforming beautiful red roses, various clay sculptures, and other once delightful objects into terrifying creature like shadows. My heart pounded as the power of the storm intensified replacing my anticipation for it to blow over with only the realization of danger. â€Å"Adam, we are surrounded by a creek right†, I asked with a concern shaken voice. Using a local radio application I had just downloaded I heard, â€Å"The National Weather Service has issued a flash flood warning for the following counties in east Tennessee†. The first mentioned county confirmed my fears while removing all hope of salvaging this vacation, as well as, adding a very real danger to our life. We have to leave now† there is a fast rising creek all around this place and I could never live with something happening to you†, screamed Adam! The once crystal waters were now muddy and full of various types of debris and risen undeniably higher than the banks that once restrained the devastation unleashed when mother nature joins the team. Adam and I raced to the car, sloshing thru a puddle that had no beginning an d seemed to have no end. Drenched with rain and overwhelmed with confusion, I could only stare out the window as we drove to safety. The beautiful mountains and all that attributes to them were now a smeared collage of unrecognizable vegetation and retreating animals that sensed the devastation that would soon follow. â€Å"We have about a mile until we are completely out of danger†, â€Å"I think we can at least catch our breath†, Adam said. Still staring out the window but only in a daze, I could not stop trembling. My dream vacation caused lots of fear and it is never fun living a dream with nothing but beauty to behold, only to be awakened as nightmares unfold. How to cite Smokey Mountain Nightmare, Papers

Vittore Carpaccio Essays - Vittore Carpaccio, Legend Of Saint Ursula

Vittore Carpaccio Vittore Carpaccio was born around the year 1460 near Venice, Italy. They didn't keep birth records then, so this date is an estimate. Vittore knew from a very young age that he wanted to be a painter when he was older. He couldn't pay attention in school because he was always drawing or sketching on his papers. As a young man, Carpaccio was greatly influenced by two Venetian painters. These two painters were Gentile Bellini and Giovanni Bellini. Carpaccio was influenced greatly by these artists, but he also admired the work of other artists of the Venitian art period. Carpaccio used four cycles of paintings; each of these cycles was used to tell a story. However, only the first two of these cycles have become well known. Carpaccio did the first of these cycles between 1490 and 1495. This cycle consisted of nine large paintings. One of these paintings, named The Legend of Saint Ursula, is considered by most people to be his finest work. Especially original is the painting Dream of Saint Ursula. Vittore completed the second cycle of his paintings between the years 1502 and 1507. This cycle also consists of nine scenes. These scenes are mainly from the lives of Saint George and Saint Jerome. The two best known paintings of this cycle are titled Saint George Slaying the Dragon and Saint Jerome in His Study. Even tough Carpaccio was greatly influenced by other artists of his time; he still had a style that was different than everyone else. He seemed to use the colors black, red and brown more than other colors. He also put exotic animals or objects from faraway lands in many of his paintings. He also was very good with architecture and knew how to paint buildings so they looked real. Some of Vittore's other widely known paintings include: "A Saint Reading" and "Virgin and Child." Even though he isn't as famous as some other artists are; Carpaccio was one of the greatest artists of the early Renaissance in Europe. He may not be the greatest drawer ever, but that isn't what makes him great. What makes him great is how he uses color in his paintings. His colors are always bright and vivid, and his lighting effects are brilliant. Bibliography "Carpaccio, Vittore." Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Copyright 1994. Microsoft Corporation. Gerten, C. "Bio: Vittore Carpaccio." 1997. Online. http://sunsite.auc.dk/cgfa /carpaccio/carpaccio_bio.htm. 3/16/00.